Copper (Serum)
A blood test that measures total copper levels in serum to evaluate copper deficiency, toxicity, and disorders of copper metabolism.
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What this test measures
This test measures the total amount of copper in serum, where most copper is carried by a protein called ceruloplasmin. Copper helps make melanin, bone, and connective tissue and assists with many other processes in the body. Copper is found in many food sources such as seeds, organ meats, nuts, seafood, liver, and is also found in the water supply.
Serum copper levels can be elevated in pregnancy, in patients on estrogens and estrogen-containing contraceptive drugs, in rheumatoid arthritis, and a number of other pathologic entities due to ceruloplasmin being an acute-phase reactant type protein. Many health problems can disrupt normal copper levels, causing individuals to have too little copper (copper deficiency) or too much copper (copper toxicity).
Who should consider this test
You might consider this test if you are experiencing any of the following:
- Individuals with symptoms of copper deficiency, including anemia, fatigue, muscle weakness, or neurological problems may benefit from testing.
- Those with suspected Wilson's disease, a rare genetic disorder where copper accumulates in the liver, brain, and other organs.
- Individuals with Menkes disease or other rare copper transport disorders that may be present in their family history.
- People receiving long-term parenteral or enteral nutrition, as copper deficiency can develop with inadequate supplementation.
- Those with malabsorption disorders, liver disease, or chronic kidney disease that may affect copper metabolism.
- Individuals with unexplained liver dysfunction, neurological symptoms, or psychiatric manifestations that could be copper-related.
- People taking medications or supplements that may interfere with copper absorption or metabolism, such as zinc supplements or chelating agents.
What to expect
Preparation
Fasting is usually not required for copper testing. Patients should be encouraged to discontinue nutritional supplements, vitamins, minerals, and nonessential over-the-counter medications upon the advice of their physician, as these may interfere with results.
Sample Type
Blood collection requires a royal blue tube (no additive), royal blue (K2EDTA), or royal blue (NaHep) to prevent copper contamination from standard collection tubes.
Collection
The phlebotomist will collect a blood sample from a vein in the arm using specialized trace element-free collection tubes. The serum must be separated from cells within 2 hours of collection and transferred to certified metal-free transport tubes.
Turnaround
Results are typically available within 1-3 business days after the laboratory receives the sample.
Understanding your results
Normal copper values mean that the individual has normal physiology, absorption, excretion, and dietary intake of copper. Results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical symptoms and other laboratory findings.
| Population | Reference Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Adults | 70-140 mcg/dL (11-22 micromol/L) | Standard reference range for healthy adults |
| Adult Females | 0.7-1.6 mcg/ml | Females may have slightly higher levels, especially during pregnancy |
| Pregnancy | 118-302 mcg/dL (18.5-47.4 micromol/L) | Levels can be elevated up to 3 times normal during third trimester |
Reference ranges may vary by laboratory and individual factors. Results should be interpreted by a healthcare provider in the context of your overall health.
What does a “Low” result mean?
Copper deficiency can lead to problems with connective tissue, muscle weakness, anemia, low white blood cell count, neurological problems, and paleness. Serum copper below the normal range is associated with Wilson disease, as well as a variety of other clinical situations. Serum copper may be reduced by use of corticosteroids and zinc and by malnutrition or malabsorption. Low levels can also occur with nephrotic syndrome or advanced liver disease.
What does a “High” result mean?
Serum copper may be elevated with infection, inflammation, stress, and copper supplementation. In females, elevated copper may also be caused by oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Serum copper is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis and a number of other pathologic entities. High levels may also indicate primary biliary cirrhosis, thyrotoxicosis, or certain malignancies. Rarely, elevated copper can result from excessive copper supplementation or exposure to copper-containing substances.
Privacy & confidentiality
Your copper test results are completely confidential and protected under HIPAA regulations. Results are not shared with your personal doctor unless you specifically request it, not added to your permanent medical records, and not reported to insurance companies or employers.
Frequently asked questions
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CPT Code: 82525
This test may not be available in: NY, NJ, RI
This page is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider regarding any health concerns. LevelPanel does not diagnose, treat, or prescribe.
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Not sure if this is the right test? Contact our care team for guidance.